Norm Referenced Tesing

| | | | | | | | | |10/20/2012 3:39:49 PM | | | | | |Norm-Reference tests are â€Å"most appropriate when one wishes to make comparisons across large numbers of students or important | |decisions regarding student placement and advancement† (Assessment purposes, 2011). One example of a Norm-Reference test would | |be the COMPASS Test which is given to students entering college. This test assesses the reading, writing, and mathematical | |level of students in order to determine which English and math class individuals are placed in order to give the best | |opportunity for success as they begin their college education. The COMPASS assesses individuals by using the lower taxonomy | |levels.After completion of the test, students are placed in a remediation level English or math class if they fail to | |demonstrate the ability to demonstrate knowledge of the concepts at these lower cognitive levels. | |Criterion-Reference test are â€Å"most appropriate for quickly assessin g what concepts and skills students have learned from a | |segment of instruction† (Assessment purposes, 2011). In Georgia, the Criterion-Reference Competency Test (CRCT) test the skills| |and knowledge gained over the curriculum taught throughout the school year. Higher taxonomy levels are being assessed as | |students must demonstrate their comprehension, application, analysis, and synthesis of the grade level curriculum.When | |students receive their results, they have an idea of where they stand academically compared to the standards covered. Unlike | |Norm-Referenced test, this test does not result in student placement when moving toward the next grade level. | |Although both test serve a purpose, in my experience, Norm-Reference test are great for individual assessment and the ability to| |use lower level taxonomy skills such as knowledge and comprehension. The CRCT serves its purpose of rating individuals in | |comparison to the content and curriculum they should know b y having students demonstrate through critical thinking skills as | |they analyze each question. I believe the CRCT is better served for evaluating educators rather than students.With | |mainstreaming students into the regular education setting, it is difficult to gain a true reading of how well the higher levels | |of Bloom’s Taxonomy are addressed and used in the general education setting. | |   | |References | |   | |   | |Assessment purposes. (2011, Nov 23). Retrieved from http://www. edtech. vt. edu/edtech/id/assess/purposes. html | | | | |

I Never Expected This Essay

Hey guys, I’m writing my English exam soon, and would really appreciate it if you can give me some suggestions one how to improve this piece. The word limit is 400~450, so I’m a little over the limit here. Topic is: This is the story of a young man/woman who was able to escape from a difficult past to make a success of his/her life. My essay: â€Å"This is the story of a young woman who was able to escape from a difficult past to make a success of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I tuned off the school principal’s voice at this point, ignoring his excited gestures and flying spittle. I was eight then. The man came out of nowhere, and I remember pain, horror, screaming, torn clothes, more screaming†¦It was only afterwards, in the hospital, that I understood what had happened to me. Twenty years ago the society wasn’t exactly sympathetic towards rape victims; it still isn’t today. Principal Clarke’s voice pulled me back to reality. I stood up to the pitiful round of applause, and walked up the stage. As I looked down, half the students were dozing off; and most of the other half had a snicker on their face. I putted on a smile, and began to tell my story in a grave voice: how I struggled to live with my past; how my family gave me hope and support; how, after years of hard work, I finally became a bestselling author. It is a boring old story, nothing unheard of before. And if this speech managed to inspire even one of these students, it would be nothing short of a miracle. Of course, there are things that a high school guest speaker just cannot include in her speech. For example, the way my mother indulged in various substances after my â€Å"incident†, and my father and I never sent her to the rehabilitation centre for the fear of even more publicity. Or better, how I found my puppy strangled and hung from a tree one day, the words â€Å"WHORE† in red paint glistening right behind him. And the fact that my ex-boyfriend had left with all my money last year, leaving me too heartbroken to write is definitely unmentionable. If it was not for this, I would not have been stuck at this little school, allowing people to dig up my past for a minuscule payment in return. There are some things that a person simply cannot look past. I sat back down, and endured another hour of the old principal’s speech. Apparently, according to Principal Clarke, if I can live with been raped then the students can surely get over their teenage issues and focus on learning instead. His words are not what finally pushed me over the edge, though. It was his the way he looked at me – as if I am some pathetic, filthy stray dog. I caught his eyes when he turned towards me again, and smiled until he hurriedly looked away. The next morning I rose early, and in the aroma of fresh coffee listened to the radio news reporting the shocking, gruesome death of a certain high school principal. I hummed to myself, and started typing my new story.

Lord of the Flies: The Evil of Human Nature Essay

â€Å"However Simon thought of the beast, there rose before his inward sight the picture of a human at once heroic and sick(Golding 128). This quote from William Goldings novel, Lord of the Flies, effectively suggests that human beings are evil; which is also the main theme of the novel. In the novel, the major characters at the ending reinforce Goldings negative view of human nature. Golding provides his view of human nature very early in the novel. The island on which the boys land is described as a paradise with a variety of flora and fauna. Upon the boys landing, the tube carrying the boys causes a scar on the island. The intensity of the destruction caused by the scar is described: All round him the long scar smashed into the jungle was a bath of heat(Golding 11). However, the destruction does not stop there. Later, the boys burn down a large part of the island as a result of their carelessness. Here, Golding shows that humans cause destruction even if they did not mean to. He is almost suggesting that causing destruction is second nature to us humans. At the end of the novel, the destruction comes full circle when Jacks tribe burns down the entire island. The presence of the boys has completely changed the island from a beautiful paradise to a charred wreckage. Goldings pessimistic view of human nature is further expanded with the issue of hunting. As the novel progresses, Jacks level of obsession with hunting continues to escalate until the very end of the novel. It is interesting to note that although the island has an abundance of fruits and the boys can easily catch fish and crabs at the beach, Jack insists on hunting to get meat. Later on, he enjoys hunting as if it were a sport:His mind was crowded with memories; memories of the knowledge that had come to them when they had outwitted a living thing, imposed their will upon it, taken away its life like a satisfying drink(Golding 88). Jack hunts not with the sole intention to get meat, but he particularly enjoy exercising power over living creatures while hunting. This shows how much Jack enjoys having power; the power to control other beings. Throughout the novel, Jack does everything he can to gain the respect of the boys; to gain  support for power. Later when he most of the boys join his tribe, Jack takes one last step to secure his position as chief of his tribe. He goes as far as to order his tribe to hunt and kill Ralph to eliminate the last threat to his position. Here, we can see that Jack has moved from hunting pigs to hunting humans. Thus, this shows how savage and evil man can be as he hunts even his own kin. Besides, these examples also show that humans have an unquenchable thirst for power that if not controlled, will blind us and take over our soul. In the novel, Golding uses Jack and his tribe to illustrate the effects of complete freedom to man. After Jacks tribe is formed, the members are no longer referred to as boys but as savages with Jack as their Chief. This is a direct reference to the boys regression into a primitive state of being. Jacks tribe also performs several primitive practices that are usually attributed as savage. First of all, they paint their faces and bodies to conceal themselves while hunting pigs. Next, they perform brutal killing of pigs:Roger found a lodgment point and began to push till he was leaning with his whole weight. The spear moved forward inch by inch and the terrifying squealing became a high-pitched scream. Then Jack found the throat and the hot blood spouted over his hands(Golding 168,169). Last of all, they give an offering, the pigs head, to the beast hoping it would not harm them. Thus, this shows that the boys do not understand the true nature of the beast. Their situation is similar to primitive man, who gave offerings to gods and idols to protect their own well-being from natural disasters they did not understand. It is during the presentation of the offering that Jack said: Sharpen a stick at both ends (Golding 169). Obediently, Roger sharpens a stick and Jack skewers the pigs head on one end of the stick and places the other into the ground. This statement is repeated again at the end of the novel. When Ralph asks Samneric of what Jacks tribe plan to with him once he was captured one of them replied, Roger sharpened a stick at both ends(Golding234). Although Ralph would hardly understand what the phrase means, the terrible truth becomes clear to the reader. Jacks tribe plans to behead Ralph and skewer his head on a stick sharpened at both ends as another offering to the beast. It is, by far, the  most brutal display of human savagery. Without the eye of watchful adults, Jack and his tribe are uncontrollable; and Jack as their leader, has absolute power. Golding has written Lord of the Flies based on his experience in war. He realizes that war is the greatest act of human evil, for it takes the lives of innocent people and causes nothing but destruction. Therefore, it is fitting for Golding to highlight the effects of war in the novel to reinforce his pessimistic view of human nature. At the end of the novel, Golding leaves the reader with an image of a war ship, which is one of the many traces of war in the novel. If the reader examines the opening of the story, there are references to a war going on in the world, such as Piggys mention of the atomic bomb: Not them. Didnt you hear what the pilot said? About the atomic bomb? Theyre all dead(Golding 20). The reader discovers that the boys are stranded on the island because of the war. Besides that, another trace of the war is the dead parachutist. The boys mistake the dead parachutist for the beast. Ironically, the dead parachutist is the beast in the sense that he is connected to the war going on in the world outside and the beast is attributed to the evil in human nature. Even the boys have their very own war on the island. Therefore, the island could represent a microcosm of the outside world. Now, we return to the image of the war ship. The arrival of the ship allows the boys to be rescued. However, the ship only serves to remind the reader that although the boys are rescued, they are taken back to a war-torn world. After experiencing one war, the boys are being taken to another. The circle of destruction continues. To sum everything up, Golding effectively uses the main characters, especially at the ending, to prove that humans are more evil than good. The last page of the novel has one last scene of Ralph which summarizes the main themes of the novel. From his experience on the island, he is no longer an innocent child as he has been exposed to the evil nature of human beings and human savagery:And in the middle of them, with filthy body, matted hair, and unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy(Golding 248). Works cited Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. London: Faber and Faber, 1996.

Personal Leadership Style Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Leadership Style - Term Paper Example According to Austin (2009), nurse leaders must be in a position to meditate on the emotions of their workmates as well as formulate ways in which they can deal with arising differences in the workplace. This paper shall assess my potential as a nurse leader and how I plan to use these strengths to be a nurse leader in the future. Among my leadership styles include my ability to learn, responsibility, strategicness, achiever and discipline. These leadership styles have been derived from my strength finder leadership styles. Learner According to Austin (2009), nurses in the contemporary world are expected to face a myriad of challenges in the course of duty. In this case, they are left with no alternative, but to portray efficient leadership skills if the healthcare delivery system has to be successful. In this case, the nurse as a leader has to be committed in their job as they are placed at the center of provision of healthcare services (Clark, 2008). In the course of duty, I learn a lot through reflection. Every weekend, I have clinicals in the hospital. After attending the clinicals every weekend, I grasp a lot from the sessions. In an instance whereby my fellow nurses are enlightened on the need to be discrete about patient information, I am forced to research on the topic by reading several books. After the research, I am able to relate the same in my practice as a nurse. My learning progress is seen through my practical approach in the health facility. By the end of my nursing course in May this year, I will have learnt a great deal about the profession. I have worked a lot in the telecommunication industry, and it is my ability and zeal to learn as a leader, that has seen my tremendous input and performance in the nursing profession. My journey towards attaining a degree in nursing has indeed been faced with a numerous drawbacks. A leader, as seen in the research report compiled by Green (2013), must be the blueprint of change in the course of duty. In th is instance, I will be ardent to come up with new strategies of handling issues in the health institution, and be consistent in following up the implementation of the same policies. For instance, since the standards of practice in nursing are constantly changing, advising the nurses on the need to conduct more research on the changes through online tutorials, reading books and journals will be of great importance for the nurses. The challenge to see the change in my workplace motivates me the more and leads to me to an anticipation of my exemplary performance through learning and disseminating the same information. I will also remain loyal to the other workmates who made my learning a success especially because I cannot handle everything as an individual. In the event that the organization has the ability to cater for my expenses of providing the reading materials and links to the online tutorial classes, the same would be beneficial on my side as my learning will be financed in a w ay or another. In the event that I can advance my educational skills, this would be of great assistance as I can apply the acquired skills to the betterment of the health facility (Green, 2013). In the long run, the medication error and infection control will be under check, since these are the major issues in the nursing setting (Claborn & Zerwekh, 2003). I honor my desire to learn, and as a leader, I will endeavor to enroll for a course whenever I get the chance, as time in one’

Accounting report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting report - Essay Example ector’s report is a mandatory part of the financial statement that explains the business prospect of the company and detailed financial analysis and performance. The issues in the business of ITV are that of holding the broadcast audience which is their consumer and customer and that generates the revenue for the company. Another key issue is that of conversion of profit to cash during the year in which the company has struggle. Lastly, the broadcast and online revenues of the company have decreased compared to last year which is also a concern. The presentation of the report of BSkyB is more proper and the breakups are provided in a more explanatory format which give better judgment for a user of the financial statement. The directors report also covers a better area of the financial statement and uses graphs and charts to give better understanding to the user of the financial statement. The auditors have stated that they have carried on the audit of the company in light of the auditing standards as applicable in UK and Ireland and under their independent examination the financial statements are presented fairly and the Group financial statements are also prepared in line with the Financial Reporting Standards approved by the EU, the Companies Act 2006 and the other requirements of the applicable laws so as to provide the right type on guidance to the viewer of the financial statement. The report is dated two months later than that of the date of financial statements because the audit is carried out after the close of the year end of the company after which the auditors examine the financial data and provide their opinion of the fair and true presentation. In light of the companies Act, it is mandatory for a company to calculate and disclose the earnings per share in its annual report. The basic earnings per share of ITV in 2009 was 2.3p while the loss per share of last year 65.9p. This shows that the earnings per share for the year ended 2009 is higher

He Second Treatise of Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

He Second Treatise of Government - Essay Example According to Jones (21), Locke made emphasis on individuals ‘natural rights (through the law of nature that claimed all men being equal and deserving to enjoy equal rights), on their constitutional governments by consent. In his theory, rather than the supreme authority, the people hold the power to set up a particular government and even replace it in case it fails. Because of the law of nature that gives humans liberty to act through the individual rights, and the contract nature of the civil society, the people can then give some of their rights to the government, as a form of trust that it would secure and defend the rights of the general people. The true sovereignty hence extends from the people as the authority is delegated more to the legislature that makes and defines the laws of the state, than the executive branch of government that executes the law (Jones 21). As a result, the theory argues that the governments should exist by the consent of the people, because with their rights they set up the civil society, and in their majority, their supreme authority and power is represented through the elected representatives in parliament. This means that the only legitimate civil society or political society that assumes power should be formed by the consent of the people, and not by force to protect and promote the public will. How John Locke Defended the Theory The law of nature: Locke used a biblical concept to defend his idea of natural law, while countering the earlier concepts as put forward by other philosophers. He portrayed the concept of liberty as a God given right to every individual so that they act in respect to the law of nature. Concepts of natural law existed before, but viewed humans from another negative point. However, Locke associates the natural law to be the will of God, who seemed to have been so far the first lawmaker for humanity to follow, that defines right and wrong and attaches sanctions to violations of the natural law; he nce humans had an obligation to live according to it, because it is reasonable and willed by God (Kim Ian 127). As such humans are viewed as capable individuals with a rationale to know the will of God (law of nature), whose wisdom and knowledge gives them liberty and enforces preservation of humanity. Despite mankind being prone to anarchy as Hobbessian philosophy indicates, the rationality humans have gives them the capability to develop the civil society and institute a government that articulates and enforces the law of nature (McFerran 24). Locke pointed out that natural law works for all humans and society preservation; hence the interest of the individuals should not conflict with those of the organisation or individuals in a society. As such, harming one another was a violation of the natural law to the property of God (humans’ lives, possessions and liberty) and deserving of punishment for the offence. Humans are obliged to enforce the natural law and can hence use t heir established civil societies as a natural faculty to fulfil the will of God, and preserve the community. They are free and potentially moral to constitute a government with limited power, and because of the knowledge of the natural law, they can put the government to checks if it conforms and serves right to implement the law of nature.

A critical evaluation of the methodology approach contained within a Assignment

A critical evaluation of the methodology approach contained within a journal article of student's own choosing( related to education) ---1000 words - Assignment Example The survey showed that schools welcomed the idea of partnership and collaboration with other organizations and individuals offering support services. However, they were not short of challenges as expected especially in engaging mainstream schools in collaboration concerning sharing facilities. The article has utilized an analytical approach to study the educational partnerships between schools and service providers. It has laid out the methods used to get the data and all those involved in details. It has also gone ahead and assessed the results of the findings enabling the author to inform the reader of the similarities across educational institutions in England. The article has also pointed out the advantages of partnerships and the challenges faced by the special schools in attaining their objectives. However, the author fails to offer informed solutions to the bottlenecks faced. Instead, she refers greatly to the Green Paper as a way out. Overall, the strengths of the article outweigh the weaknesses. In the research, only four institutions were interviewed. The author admits that small school faced most of the challenges due to their size. It would have been appropriate to interview two small schools and two large schools. This would have given a more realistic picture on the state of partnerships among schools (Rose, 2012). In the contrary, readers have a biased notion of the state of affairs among educational institutions in England due to the sampling method used in the research (Lawson, Waite, & Robertson, 2005). Therefore, the audience cannot tell the extent of the challenges faced by large special institutions. The purpose of a study is to gather facts, make assessments, and provide possible solutions based on the finding. This article does not provide much headway to reduce the challenges faced by the special institutions. In addition, the author does not provide convincing argument concerning organizations seek partnership. Unpredictably, the paper

Childhood Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Childhood Depression - Essay Example Depression also occurs in children; the diagnosis criterion is the presence of symptoms over a fortnight. The symptoms could include sadness, low enjoyment of previously enjoyable activities, and loss of appetite or feelings of low moods. Accompanying these feelings is low self-esteem, which can alter behavioral changes in an individual. In addition, this mental illness has detrimental effects on the body functions. Clinical depression can be classified into manic (bipolar), major depression and dysthymia. All of these types of clinical depression affect children at varying rates and severity (Lack & Green, 2009). Between 2- 6% of children and teenagers experience depression. Suicide, which may be caused by depression, is the third leading cause of death in individuals between 10-19 years old (Whittington et al, 2004). This paper delves into the often maligned issue of childhood depression, its causes and management. Childhood Depression Diagnosis of clinical depression in childhood is not a clear-cut issue as it elicits several debates. Firstly, it is a relatively new phenomenon while there is no agreement on the legitimacy of its diagnosis. One view holds that definitions of major depression in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM IV) do not adequately distinguish between emotions in response to loss from emotions in depression (Clarke, 2011). Another view holds that children may outgrow depression. In addition, children may be diagnosed with other mental illnesses; thus, diagnosis of childhood depression is a difficult task. People get distressed at various stages of their life. Sadness may wane over time, however, and depression may persist over longer periods of time. For children, the experiences of depression may be difficult to detect. Most therapists, health workers and clinical psychologists assumed that children were immature to undergo depression. With time, healthcare practitioners and therapists recognized the presence and nature of the illness as an identifiable mental illness. The difficulty in diagnosing depression in children is harder since adults may assume that certain behaviors are normal or are simply development stages. Additionally, children may not be able to communicate their feelings. Children may exhibit irritability; thus, their actions may be misinterpreted as naughtiness. Depression occurs across all races, social classes, and economic settings. A proper diagnosis of depression is crucial since less than 30% of adults and children receive the appropriate treatment (Bhatia & Bhatia, 2007).  

Mythological strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mythological strategy - Essay Example Stories of lovers, who are not able to consummate their love in this world because of hindrances like economic or racial differences, die and become flowers or other things finally finding the freedom to express their love to each other helps explain the hope one can have in the afterlife despite the difficulties experienced in this world. The reality that is difficult to understand and accept in such a tragic event which is observed in real life brings a reader to feelings of hopelessness especially when he is experiencing similar situations. However, the consummation of a love in another world gives hope and lets a person understand the meaning of such circumstances. In mythological strategies, archetypes offer help to the readers in understanding further what is commonly observed in real situations. If a story has a hero who conquers all difficulties and villains, one is also present in real life. As villains are common in stories, life is not lacking of them. Characters and event s one could always relate to in trying to figure out life, are parts and parcels of archetypal analysis which are commonly used in mythological strategies.

Why Do We Need Environmental Engineering Topic LOVE CANAL TRAGEDY Case Study

Why Do We Need Environmental Engineering Topic LOVE CANAL TRAGEDY - Case Study Example This led to protests, intervention by the government and multiple lawsuits in pursuit of the compensation for the affected residents. Most of them moved, the infrastructure brought down and the Love Canal crossed for revitalization processes by the Environmental Protection Agency. William T Love is the impresario behind the famous Love Canal as indicated by his last name (Johnson 1). Significantly, the core purpose of the canal was to connect the separations of the Niagara River that had Niagara Falls parting them. Moreover, the canal’s construction would be in a way that residents of the Niagara area would also source electrical power from it; typically, this was a prevalent idea for environmental conservation and community development. Unfortunately, William’s plan faced multiple challenges during the 1892 economic downfall leading to the plan’s ultimate failure; however, this was after he had dug a large percentage of the proposed area. Nonetheless, there was not much that he could do leading to its sale in auction over 25yrs later. Shockingly, the Love Canal served the wrong purposes after its sale. Firstly, the purchasers used it as a chemical disposal site and later on, the United States Army joined the party by using it for warfare experiments that entailed chemical weapons. In the late 1940s, a company (Hooker Corporation) that dealt with chemicals and plastics acquired the Love Canal for the private practices (Phillips 313). Conversely, the company also concealed multiple tons of toxic surpluses in the Love Canal for a period of over 5 years filling it, after which they used land material to cover the chemicals. Niagara City bought the canal to counter its over-population problem from Hooker Corporation that was keen to caveat relative to previous dealings of the land. After purchasing the Love Canal, the city set up infrastructure in form of

Analysis of the marketing promotion of the Beverage Company Coca-Cola Essay

Analysis of the marketing promotion of the Beverage Company Coca-Cola worldwide - Essay Example From this research it is clear that the design and the implementation of a marketing strategy is a challenging task. Communication should be regarded as a priority in any successful marketing policy. Towards this direction, Moore supported that â€Å"what is strategic in the communication is not that it is designed to be manipulative, but instead that it is designed to advance particular policies or organizational strategies by making them comprehensible and by enlisting the support and cooperation of those who must work together to produce the intended result†. On the other hand, the professionals in the relevant area should have specific competencies in order to achieve the required targets. In accordance with a statement of Thomas, presented in Lewis et al. â€Å"we [the marketing profession] must recognise that, in addition to high standards of objectivity, integrity and technical competence, we must, in responding to the changing environment, demonstrate that we can and will serve society in general; this requires a clear and articulate demonstration of our ability to be relevant in the political sense†¦if we remain tied to the forces of manipulation and hype, if we are seen merely to be servants of our capitalist masters, we will remain marginal and untrustworthy†. The success of a marketing strategy of any firm around the world is highly depended on the competencies of its managers dealing with the specific sector.

Analyzing Suicide Bombing Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Suicide Bombing Essay According to Robert Pape there have been 188 recorded suicide bombings all over the world from the period of 1980 to 2001. For almost two decades now he believed that it proliferated because it was effective. The perceived connection between suicide terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism also has been somewhat uncertain and also likely to worsen America’s situation. Instead what he observed was that nearly all suicide terrorist campaigns have one specific and strategic goal and that is to compel liberal democratic countries to withdraw military forces from their territorial boundaries. Religion as commonly know was not the sole cause, although it is often used as a tool by terrorist organizations in recruiting members and in other efforts in service of the broader strategic objectives. (Pape, 2003 ) Three patterns summarized his conclusions on the strategic and coercive logic of suicide terrorism. First is timing. Almost all suicide attacks occur in organized manner. Second is nationalist goal. Their campaigns are directed to gain control of their national homeland territory. And thirdly target selection. Suicide terrorist campaigns are directed toward liberal democracies. Suicide terrorist for example were successful to compel American and French forces to abandon Lebanon in 1983. (Pape, 2003) Suicide terrorist learned that the strategy is effective. It is coercive enough to compel a target government to change policy. Suicide terrorist often views democratic countries like United States, France, Israel and India as â€Å"soft† or vulnerable to coercion than authoritarian regimes that is why they are being targeted. (Pape, 2003) Analyzing Suicide Bombing Suicide bombing became one of the prominent strategies of contemporary terrorism. It has been one of the most difficult to understand since it’s difficult to explain how a person could risk his or her life in doing such a crime. It has led some to believe that those willing to sacrifice their own life are â€Å"religious fanatics†. (Pape, 2003)To understand suicide bombers one should also consider different incidences and real motives. One should not be limited on single specific terrorist group and religion. Suicide bombing as defined is any violent, politically motivated attacks, carried out in deliberate state of awareness of a person. (Bloom, 2004 ) Terrorist organizations overwhelmingly claim that violence is a tool of last resort and a sign of desperation. Suicide attacks in some contexts inspire a self perpetuating subculture of â€Å"martyrdom†. (Bloom, 2004) Possible candidate individuals to become suicides bombers are those people produced by the organization or educated outsiders who flock to the organization to volunteer because of personal reasons. (Bloom, 2004) Religious fanaticism cannot answer completely why the world leader in suicide terrorism is the Tamil tigers in Sri Lanka, a group that believes in Marxist/Leninist ideologies. Existing explanations have been also questioned by the widening range of socio-economic backgrounds of suicide terrorist. Terrorism has evolved dramatically over the years which are motivated either with religious ideologies or political convictions. Like other anti-colonialist predecessors of the immediate post-war era, many of the terrorist groups of this period promptly valued and adopted methods that would allow them to publicize their goals and accomplishments locally and internationally. Forerunners in this were the Palestinian groups who pioneered â€Å"hijacking† the modern generation suicide terrorist attack. (Burgess, 2003) Terrorists claim that they are using terror as their last resort. Ehud Sprinzak for example provided the organizational logic of using suicide terrorism. Because the enemy possesses the most sophisticated weapons in the world and its army is trained to very high standards they have nothing which to repel killing and crime against them except the weapon of martyrdom. It is easier and cost only their lives. For the terrorist, human bombs cannot be defeated, not even by nuclear bombs. (Bloom, 2004) Analyzing His Policy Prescription He has some policy prescriptions for containing suicide terrorism. According to Pape offensive military action or concession alone will not benefit for long. It will tend to encourage the terrorist leaders to further their coercive efforts. Homeland security and defensive efforts should be the main part of the solution. Identifying the best method to stop suicide terrorism is a complex task. Most ethnic civil wars can often be resolved by demographic separation because it reduces both means and incentives for both sides to attack. (Pape, 2003) The United States should emphasize instead in improving its domestic security. United States should adopt stronger border controls to make it more difficult for suicide attackers to enter the territory. The United States should also work towards energy independence and thus reduce the need for American troops in the Persian Gulf where their presence has caused greater agitation to their enemies. When one considers the strategic logic of suicide terrorism it becomes clear that America’s war on terrorism is heading in the wrong path. How should a democratic nation like America have responded in the past? They had to react by having heavy military offensives which only provoke more terrorist attacks. Offensive military action or concessions alone will not work for long. Advocates of concessions should also recognize that even if they are successful in disrupting their operations it will encourage terrorist to further their tactics. By limiting of offensive actions and concessions, homeland security and defensive efforts must now be strengthened. What is ironic in his prescription was that he suggests that the US troops in the Persian Gulf and Iraq should leave the territory but also see the move a bad idea to stop suicide terror because it tends to encourage terrorist more to use the tactic. Bloom vs. Pape’s Argument Professor Robert Pape earlier argued that suicide terror is a coercive strategy directed externally or against a more powerful enemy to coerce democratic governments to change policies and evacuate the territory that they control. (Bloom, 2004)Pape argues that liberal democracies can be coerced through the use of sufficient violence. Bloom believes that although Papes explanation is useful for understanding how suicide bombing is directed against the external enemy, it overlook the domestic political dynamics and organizational motivations for â€Å"outbidding†. The outbidding is due to the competition between the rival terrorist organizations. Greater violence will give them recognition from the crowd. Papes model correctly identifies the motivations of nationalist inspired suicide terrorist; however it does not fully explain why the religious groups with goals beyond territorial demands might use it. Papes focus on democratic countries should is debatable. He argues that suicide bombings work best against democratic regimes because of access to the media, freedom of movement and the â€Å"shock value†; however his theory cannot be adequately tested or verified at this point. Lastly Papes model cannot explain why those who share the same ethnicity as the terrorist are targeted. This approach regards the opposite engaged in suicide terror and cannot give an explanation for the competitive environment that emerges in some case and not in others. All of which requires an analysis of domestic and local level study and observation. (Bloom, 2004) Work Cited Pape, Robert â€Å"The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism† August 2003 American Political Science Review, The University Of Chicago 14 October 2008 http://danieldrezner. com/research/guest/Pape1. pdf. Bloom, Mia â€Å"Devising A Theory of Suicide Terror† February 2004 Center For Global Security and Democracy, Rutgers University 14 October 2008

Leadership And Management In Public Relations Management Essay

Leadership And Management In Public Relations Management Essay The art and social science of analyzing trends, predicting their consequences, counseling organizational leaders and implementing planned programs of action, which will serve both the organization and the public interest. (Asch and Solomon 1946) Public relations aim primarily to provide a communication between an organization and its users. It is one of the most important business functions as for any organization. It is essential to continually check its reputation in the market that it caters. Moreover, with the present climate of global extensions that majority of the modern day businesses practice, it is essential that the organization keeps touch with what it wants to portray to the consumers so that expectations from the organization is likewise. Public Relation is used to build rapport with  employees, customers, investors, voters or the general public.  Almost any organization that indulges itself in being portrayed in the public environment employs some level of public relations. Public relation is not limited to simply increasing awareness about an organization. It deals with other complex functions of checking and monitoring the reactions of its actions( Ahluwalia et al 2000). This illustrates what the organization reflects to its market hence aiding in deciding the next course of action as and when required. Publicity is one of the major tools for Public relations. Most; if not all, PR campaigns invest heavily for publicity. Publicity involves spreading of information for a product, person, service, cause or organization to gain public awareness. Publicity helps in effective PR planning and is one of the most viral methods adopted by any PR for an organisation. In present times, professionals commonly use technology as their main tool to get across their messages to target audiences (Collins et al, 1975). Traditionally, one of the oldest tools used by public relations professionals is a press/media kit. It is usually a collection of promotional materials for the purpose of circulation. These provide information about an event, organization, business, or even a person. Information also includes, fact sheets, press releases (or media releases), media alerts, brochures, newsletters, photographs with captions, copies of any media clips, and social mediums. In recent times, most organizations may have a website with a link which usually updates the message that is required to be communicated for the purpose of communication. Online version of such news is one of the essentials that is adopted in recent times. Other widely-used tools include brochures, newsletters and annual reports. (Basuroy et al 2003) In the recent times, technological uses of social networks, blogs, and even internet radio public relations professionals facilitate to directly send messages through their respective mediums. Methods are used to find out the reaction of the audience in the current market. Inquiring into the favorable appeals of the target audiences extensively include the use of surveys, conducting research or even focus groups. Various tactics are undertaken to attract target audiences by using the information gathered. This is then directed as a message to them using tools such as social or other popular mediums.`(Burrough and Bryan,2006) Increasingly, companies are utilizing interactive social networking options, such as media blogs, Twitter and Facebook, as tools in promotion for the PR campaigns. This can be credited to the fact that unlike the traditional tools, social media outlets enable the organization to engage in two-way communication, and receive relatively quicker feedbacks hence efficiently aiding in making accurate decisions. Reciprocal nature of communications Extracted from Effective Public Relations by Cutlip(2010) The above figure illustrates, communication is a reciprocal process of exchanging signals to inform, instruct, or persuade, based on shared meanings and conditioned by the communicators relationship and the social context. (Godes, 2004) NEGATIVE PUBLIC RELATIONS: Negative Public relation occurs under circumstances and situation when the message sent across to the public by the organization is seen not coherent to what it portrays. It may be expressed as that process which threatens the reputation and corporate identity of an organization due to improbable actions that leads to unlikely situations and circumstances. (Eliasberg et al 1997) However, this phenomenon can be either intentional i:e. (by an external source such as a competitor) or unintentional (inadequate research of an expected reaction or poor internal communications ). (Hueng et al,1982) Owing to the nature of this report, the researcher has chosen to consider only the unfavorable public relations for this study and thus Black public relations shall only be mentioned once. Thereafter, steps to deal only with unfavorable public relations shall be included for further part of this work. Intentional Negative Public Relations It indicates in context to incidences which are carried about by third party source with intention to tarnish the reputation of a targeted organization, these kind of intentional negative PR strategies are also known as Black Public Relations (James and Caryn 2006). It involves gathering information using high level of industrial espionage and competitive intelligence to uncover the targeted company secrets that are unfavorable to the organizations stakeholders (Hueng et al,1982). The only objective of such practices is to strategically disturb the channels and messages of communication between the organization and its shareholders. This kind of negative public relation is an unethical business practice yet it is been widely used against business rivals. (Grossmen et al1984) Unintentional Negative PR / Unfavorable Public relations. This is an occurrence under circumstances when an organization is facing a public challenge to its reputation. Generally these challenges may come in the following forms:- An investigation from a government agency. A criminal allegation. A media inquiry. A shareholders lawsuit A violation of environmental regulations Finally a violation in a number of other scenarios involving the legal,  ethical and / or  financial factors (Godes et al 2004). The above are challenges that an organization faces which may lead to an unfavorable Public relations situation for an organization. However, most of them can be contained almost immediately if handled with urgency. Generally, source of a negative Public relation is born out of mismanaged crises situation in an organization. Crisis communication is of utmost importance to contain any such unlikely circumstances. If efficiently handled, crisis communication can become the best defense against any issue turning into a fully blow catastrophe. An illustration to explain the above can be found in the case of Johnson Johnson. In 1982, after cyanide was discovered in some capsules of a JJ product Tylenol, J and J immediately announced a recall of an estimated stock of about a hundred million in circulation in its domestic market of the United States and other foreign market (Berger,2005). This decision of Johnson Johnson, to cooperate fully with the media, earned it lots of praises for its business principle of being socially responsible. The resultant was that the company received additional positive press coverage when it subsequently introduced its new tamper-resistant packaging. Similarly In March 2005, a woman bit into a finger while eating chili at Wendys. Wendys responded promptly and shut down that location. This was followed by carefully discarding all the other chilli that was dated as the controversial stock. The location was reopened only after a thorough investigation of the rest of the stocks.This crisis could have damaged Wendys image, but owing to it responding properly and appropriately, very little damage was observed to their image (Berger,2005). These are two of the few examples which illustrate efficient crisis management procedures despite not being in control the negative PR at the initial stages of the crisis. Johnson Johnson was able to gain positive publicity for the prompt decision making and was thus able to contain the situation before it went out of proportion. Conversely, many other organisations have shown lack in managing a crisis situation and have suffered for the same. Source Perrier is an example of such an organization that was unable to overcome negative publicity when its top management displayed poor crisis-management. Traces of benzene were found in the companys bottled water in 1990, however the company assured the public that it was only contained to bottles in North America. During the same time, scientists found traces of benzene in its bottled water which was being sold in Europe. This time, the management blamed it upon a contaminated filtering system an reassured that it was being tackled with utmost urgency. Never the less, media had then sampled the brands water from all its prevalent market and discovered that the situation had been persistent for a longer period of time and that the benzene laced product had been selling all around the world. The media questioned Perriers integrity and concern for public safety, and the company lost its dominant position in the marketplace; it has been unable to rebuild its reputation (Bogart and D ave 2001). The available literature on the source of negative PR is not coherently conclusive as different researchers have difference in the scope and width with regard to their view about the causes of unavoidable PR. Lerbinger (1997), attributes two causes i:e. management failure and environmental forces. He categorizes the two into eight categories of crisis situations which are as follows: Natural- for example Asian Tsunami which affected everything alike i:e. nations, government, corporations, businesses and so on. Technological- Mercedes A class had design faults thus had to roll over Confrontation- Shell Oil wanted to sink an oil platform into the North Sea and thus its petrol stations faced a consumer boycott. Malevolence-product tampering by private citizens, as in the case of Tylenol capsules of Johnson and Johnson Skewed Management- Barings Bank went out of business when the bank management was accused of turning a blind eye towards rouge trader Nick Leason. Deception Management misconduct- Enron Power Business and economic- Economic turmoil affecting businesses, hence organizations unable to live to the promise. (Lerbinger 1997) FEARN-BANKS FIVE STAGE OF CRISIS STAGE 1 Detection The organization is watching for warning signs STAGE 2 Preparation/prevention The organization takes notes of the warning signs and prepares plans proactively to avoid crisis, or reactive one to cope with the crisis if it is come. STAGE 3 Containment Taking Steps to limit the length of the crisis or its affects. STAGE 4 Recovery At this step, efforts are made to get back to normal operational conditions or effectiveness of an organization STAGE 5 Learning This is when the Organization reflects and evaluates the experience to consider the negative impacts for the organization and any possible benefits for the future. Fearns- Banks(2006), are amongst the school of thoughts that attribute Negative Public relation wholly to mismanaged crisis situation. In the table above, are the five stages of a business crises outlined that explain the steps to be ensured during different stages of a crisis. If attended to, the crisis management should be efficient and thus save the organization any unwanted harm to its reputation The most important efficient way of dealing with unfavorable public relation can be found in practicing crisis communication (Lerbinger 1997). Crisis communication aims at assisting an organisation to sustain continuity in the critical business processes. These business processes can be any information flowing during critical situations, natural calamities or event driven circumstances. The most commonly know five steps that must be ensured in situations threatening the PR of an organization may be best explained as the following Firstly, the corporation in crisis should be prompt and act accordingly. This can be achieved by addressing the public immediately following the discovery of the situation. Secondly, the corporation in question must maintain honesty as it is obliged to be completely truthful no matter what the consequences from the public may be. Thirdly, the corporation should be informative. This would require them to provide facts that are coherent with the situation and restrain speculation under any circumstance. The other reason for this step is to also assure that public does not create its own rumor as rumors might cause more damage to the organization as compared to the already worsened circumstance(Lerbinger 1997). Next, it is important to be socially concerned and illustrate efforts of improvement to the public. This would reflect on the business as being socially responsible hence improving chances of faster recovery from the damage incurred. Finally, maintaining two-way relationships. It is very essential as the corporation get response from the public hence increasing the chances of being accepted to do business with. More so, as this kind of communication shall project to the corporation directly about what is expected from them in the near future. These steps are essential in order to manage any crucial PR circumstances (Norton et al 2007). Quick response is the key to any negative publicity. Efficient and effective crisis communication strategy diagnosed in a premeditated manner can provide most of the solutions to problems relating to negative publicity. In this global and dynamic business world, technology can be effectively harnessed for communicating to the people about a rapid response to the issue. not only can this save the organizational reputation but also it can prevent any unlikely circumstances. Ensuring a co-ordinated response provides a stronger foundation to tackle tricky situations and in turn can result into a potential advantage to a range of potentially crippling  scenarios. A well thought out and executed plan shall reflect strongly upon the management of the organsation hence, bringing some more goodwill amongst the users. Timing of responding is a critical factor as the longer the lag, higher the chances of a considerable losses to company revenue and reputation (Reinstein et al 2005). An Effectiive crisis communication strategy will typically consider achieving most of the following objectives: Maintain connectivity Be readily accessible to the news media Show empathy for the people involved Allow distributed access Streamline communication processes Maintain information security Ensure uninterrupted audit trails Deliver high volume communications Support multi-channel communications Remove dependencies on paper based processes (Norton et al 2007) Crisis communication can play a significant role by transforming an unexpected situation into a competitive gain. The only essential requirement is respond accordingly and immediately to the urgent situation. CONCLUSION This study is an attempt at understanding the concept of Public relations and investigates into the causes and sources of negative Public relations. In a theoretical context, literature on negative Public relation shows a very distorted view amongst the researchers as it lacks clarity in its core concept of whether is it a result of mis communicated Public message or is it a concept of deliberately damaging a organizations reputation owing to competition rivalry. However, all of these views are coherent on the thought that quick response to the critical situations can effectively deal with the arising unfavourable circumstances. Efficient and effective crisis communication strategy diagnosed in a premeditated manner can provide most of the solutions to problems relating to negative publicity. Source of a negative Public relation is born out of mismanaged crises situation in an organization. Crisis communication is of utmost importance to contain any such unlikely circumstances. If efficiently handled, crisis communication can become the best defense against any issue arising in the organization. Ensuring a co-ordinated response provides a stronger foundation to tackle tricky situations and in turn can result into a potential advantage to a range of potentially crippling  scenarios. A well thought out and executed plan shall reflect strongly upon the management of the organsation hence, bringing some more goodwill amongst the users. Timing of responding is a critical factor as the longer the lag, higher the chances of a considerable losses to company revenue and reputation. Public relation also deals with complex functions of checking and monitoring the reactions of its actions as this illustrates what the organization reflects to its market. Thus regular contact with the public over the underlying issues provides better deciding power for the next course of action as and when required. Technology needs to be exploited the most in critical situations, in this modern day of vast technological choice, communication with the public is easier and cheaper than in the past Thus along with the prior mentioned five steps technological advantages should be used at it optimum to properly manage a crisis can as well as the six types of responses continue to be at the foundation of any crisis public relations.

Cell Components and Functions in Metabolism

Cell Components and Functions in Metabolism A Cell is the elementary structure, function and biological unit of an organism. NUCLEUS: The nucleus is the master control centre of the cell. It gives command to the cell to grow, divide, mature or die. It contains genes, stores the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which determines every aspect of human anatomy and physiology. The DNA is arranged into chromosomes which also contains the outlines specific use for each type of cell and also allows for replication of the cell. Nuclear Envelope: The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope, which protects the DNA and separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Nucleolus: The nucleolus is a round body located inside the nucleus. Ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA, also called rRNA are both proteins made by the nucleolus. These subunits are then sent out to the other parts of the cell where they merge into whole ribosome. Plasma Membrane: The cell membrane is the outer covering of the cell and contains the cytoplasm, substances within it are organelle. It is a double-layered membrane composed of proteins and lipids. The lipid molecules on the outer and inner part (lipid bilayer) allow it to selectively transport substances in and out of the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous structure that contains a network of tubules and vesicles. It is structured that substances can move through it and be kept in isolation from the rest of the cell until the manufacturing processes conducted within are completed. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum Rough (granular) and Smooth (granular). Rough Endoplasmic: contains a combination of proteins and enzymes. These parts of the endoplasmic reticulum contain a number of ribosomes giving it a rough appearance. Its purpose is to synthesise new proteins. Smooth Endoplasmic: does not have any attached ribosomes. Its purpose is to synthesise different types of lipids (fats). The smooth ER also plays a role in drug and carbohydrate metabolism. Golgi apparatus: is a packed collection of flat vesicles. It receives substances produced from the endoplasmic reticulum which are transported as vesicles and fuses with the Golgi apparatus. They are stored in the Golgi apparatus and converted into different substances that are necessary for the cells various functions. Lysosomes: are vesicles that break off from the Golgi apparatus. They differ in size and function depending on the type of cell. Lysosomes contain enzymes that help with the digestion of nutrients in the cell and help breakdown any cellular debris or invading microorganisms like bacteria. Ribosomes a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. Mitochondria: These are the powerhouses of the cell which help to breakdown nutrients to produce energy. It also produces a high-energy compound called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which can be used as a simple energy source elsewhere. Mitochondria are composed of two membranous layers an outer membrane that surrounds the structure and an inner membrane that provides the physical sites of energy production. The inner membrane has many in folding layers that form shelves where enzymes attach and oxidize nutrients. The mitochondria also contain DNA which allows it to replicate and to be used where necessary. Centrioles: They are spindle fibres which move chromosomes during nuclear division. Centriole are made protein strands known as microtubules which are arranged in a specific way. There are nine groups of microtubules. When two centrioles are found next to each other, they are usually at right angles. The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is made up of a jelly-like fluid (called the cytosol) which contains enzymes, salts, amino- acids and sugar which are important for the function and other structures that are in the cell Microfilaments and Microtubules: Microfilaments and microtubules are rigid protein substances that form the internal skeleton of the cell known as the cytoskeleton. Some of the microtubules also make up the centrioles and mitotic spindles within the cell which are responsible for the division of the cytoplasm when the cell divides. The microtubules are the central component of cilia, small hair-like projections that protrude from the surface of certain cells. It is also the central component of specialised cilia like the tail of the sperm cells which beats in a manner to allow the cell to move in a fluid medium. Insight into the cell organelles in metabolism, Individual organelle cannot function on its own, all the cell organelles are essential for the cell to perform all of its functions. The cell takes in nutrients in a vesicle. This vesicle then combine with the lysosome, which contains digestive enzymes. The enzymes will break down the nutrients into smaller, usable pieces. Large carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, and proteins are broken down into amino acids. The pieces then go to the mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell which help to breakdown nutrients to produce energy. It also produces a high-energy compound called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which can be used as a simple energy source for many different cellular reactions. In the meantime, the nucleus stores the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which has the data for making proteins. The nucleus codes a piece of messenger RNA to be made, which will then go to the ribosome, the organelle that makes proteins. If the protein is going to be secreted from the cell, this ribosome will be part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER). The ribosome (made in the nucleolus, which is inside the nucleus), interprets the messenger RNA into protein. Amino acids, which may have come from the food the cell brought in earlier will be used. The protein travels from the rough ER to the Golgi body, where it receives and puts touches it might need. The Golgi then sends the protein out of the cell, to wherever it needs to be. None of these cell organelles can perform its task without help from others. Protein will not be made by the nucleus without the ribosomes, Cellular respiration will not be performed by the mitochondria if the lysosomes dont break down the food, The ribosomes cannot add amino acids without help from the nucleus, mitochondrion, and lysosomes. Ciliated Columnar Epithelium is not really stratified since it does not have more than one layer. The cells are positioned in opposite directions, so it looks like more than one layer. Cilia is on the surface of most of this tissue. Cilia are structures shaped hair-like at the top end of a tissue that wave forwards and backwards to help move things. Its functions are to secrete and propel mucus. This helps in protection for the organs of the upper respiratory tract. Can also be found in some tubules and organs of the male reproduction tract, in this instance the tissue does not contain cilia and functions to secrete. When we breathe in a particle that shouldnt be in our lungs, the cilia in our respiratory tract catch these particles and move them out, making us sneeze. Ciliated epithelium can be found in our respiratory tract lining, the esophagus, the skins surface. It is also found in the fallopian. The cilia aids in moving egg from the ovary into the uterus each month. Ciliated epithelium contains special cells called goblet cells. The reason of these cells is mucous creation. This mucous enclose particles that shouldnt be in our body, and the cilia move them out. A lot of harmful bacteria would remain in our lungs if we do not have these cells and tissues, this will make us sick. Skeletal muscle is known as striated muscle, they have striations that run across their muscle fibers. The striations are end-to-end junctions of repeating units that are referred to as sarcomeres. A sarcomere is a functional unit of striated muscle, as it contains all the tools necessary for contraction. Skeletal muscle fibers are long and linear. Skeletal muscle fibers are stacked neatly together in a parallel arrangement, these fibers are long, and they run the entire length of the muscle organ. I guess this is what my mother expected my room to look like nice and orderly. Skeletal muscle is a contractile organ that is directly or indirectly attached to bone. Skeletal muscles serve a variety of functions including support and movement and homeostasis. Skeletal muscle contraction can result in muscle shortening and thus movement of the bone to which it is attached. Additionally, skeletal muscle contraction can maintain posture and position. Sphincters, composed of skeletal muscles, regulate movement through our digestive and urinary systems, thus, controlling swallowing, defecation and even urination. Skeletal muscle contraction generates heat, which helps to maintain body temperature. Finally, muscle proteins can be converted into glucose by the liver for homeostatic regulation of blood glucose. Neurons are specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit signals throughout the body. They have long extensions that extend out from the cell body called dendrites and axons. Dendrites are extensions of neurons that receive signals and conduct them toward the cell body. Axons are extensions of neurons that conduct signals away from the cell body to other cells. When a neuron is in its resting state, the membrane is said to be polarized because negative and positive charges exist on opposite sides. When a neuron receives a signal, sodium channels in the membrane are opened and allow a localized influx of positive sodium ions inside the cell, which causes depolarization, or a reduction of the difference in charge across the membrane. The localized depolarization also triggers nearby sodium channels to open up and depolarize the membrane nearby, which then causes more sodium channels to open up further away and depolarize the membrane there, and so a chain reaction is started. Depolarization occurs in a wave across the membrane, starting at the dendrite that received the signal, moving toward the cell body, moving across the cell body, and then away from the cell down the axon. Axons terminate at junctions with their target cells called synapses. At the synapse, there is a small gap between the terminal end of the axon and the target cell. When the depolarizing signal reaches the synapse, it triggers the release of signaling molecules called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the very short gap from the axon to the surface of the target cell and bind to receptors that control ion channels, causing the ion channels to open. If the signaling neuron is excitatory, the ion channel will allow sodium ions to enter the cell and cause depolarization at the target cell. However, if the signaling neuron is inhibitory, a different ion channel will be opened that will allow inhibitory ions, like negatively charged chloride ions, into the cell that will increase polarization of the target cell and decrease the chances of depolarization even if the cell receives an excitatory signal at the same time. Adipose tissue is termed a loose connective tissue. It is composed of fat-storage cells which can be seen under the skin and between the muscles, around the kidneys and heart, behind the eyeballs, and abdominal membranes. It helps as a sheet of protection, absorbing shock sustained by the tissue. It seals up space between organs and tissues. It also provides structural and metabolic support. Adipose tissue has a number of important functions. It is a source of energy and serves as a buffer, protecting our internal organs from trauma. This buffering is provided by visceral fat, which is fat enclosing our internal organs. Visceral fat can be helpful, but too much of it can be life threatening and increase risk of diabetes and heart disease. It also provides us with the thermal insulation needed to maintain our body temperature and may provide endocrine function like the production of the hormone leptin, which helps in the regulation of fat storage and body weight. Babies have a continuous layer of adipose tissue for protection while learning to walk, this thin as they develop into adolescence. The sheet gives them that plumb appearance. The sheet also help in insulating the body thereby keeping the essential body temperature at 37 degree centigrade. The three types of body system that will be considered are; the circulatory, respiratory and the digestive System These three systems interrelate for the completion of the body function. The circulatory and the respiratory systems collaborate to perform the gas exchange function. Gas exchange is very important, without the gas exchange the cells of the body will die, therefore it is very important for these systems to work together. The digestive system is tasked with the duty of bringing food into the body and breaking it down into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair. From the diagram below, digestion starts from the mouth, where we swallow our food and use our saliva, teeth and tongue to bite and chew it. The food then makes its way to the stomach through the esophagus, where powerful acids break it down even further into nutrients. These nutrients enter the bloodstream through tiny hair-like projections. Any residual wastes are stored in the rectum and ejected through the anus. The circulatory system is tasked with the duty of transporting blood all over the body. It is made up of the heart and blood vessels known as veins, arteries and capillaries. Let us visualize the blood vessels as the motorways of the body, bringing vital goods to and from the cells. In the circulatory system, blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs, so theyll get oxygen, and then pumped to the bodys cells. The respiratory system, take in oxygen through the lungs and the oxygen then mixes with the blood in the circulatory system and then it is transported as ox haemoglobin to the cells by the circulatory system. The circulatory system also transport the waste product carbon dioxide from the cells back to the respiratory system which expels it out of the body. Therefore, without the respiratory system, oxygen would not be able to enter the body and carbon dioxide would not be able to be expelled out of the body as waste. Also without the circulatory system, oxygen and carbon dioxide would not be able to transport round the body thereby keeping the cells of the body alive. The circulatory system interrelates with digestive system for a maximum heart rate. The digestive system produces nutrients that is needed by the cells of the body for proper metabolism. The circulatory system transports these nutrients produced by the digestive system through the body cells and also transport toxins that are harmful to the body out of the cells into the kidney to be destroyed and expelled out of the body. If the circulatory system fails to function the body systems will shut down causing damage to the organs of the body and finally causing death. Every system is important because without the function of one system the other system cannot function properly and therefore causing organ damage that would eventually lead to death.

Point of View in Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essay -- American Litera

Point of View in "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker Point of view is described as the perspective from which a story is told (Literature, G25). In the story "Everyday Use" the point of view is that of first person narrator or major character. The story is told by the mother in the story. The theme of this story is that of a mother who is trying to cope with changing times and two daughters who are completely different. Having the story told from momma's point of view helps to reveal how momma feels about herself and how she defines her daughters Dee and Maggie. "Everyday Use" is told from momma's point of view which helps to reveal how she feels about herself. Momma feels that she is an uneducated person, she says "I never had an education myself," this creates barriers between her and her oldest daughter Dee who has a college education (94). She describes herself as "big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands" that wears overalls by day and flannel gowns by night (93). From momma's point of view one can tell that she favors her relationship with her daughter Maggie mo...

Naturalization of Ideology Essay example -- Social Change, Power Relat

Introduction CDA adopts an interdisciplinary approach, different methodologies, and varying perspectives for the analysis of data which is predominantly obtained from social topics such as â€Å"racism, identity, social change† (Wodak: 2006). Power relationships between the dominant and the dominated social class are the foci of CDA, and considers language use or discourse as a defining characteristic in understanding varied social patterns that emerge as a result of the discursive practices, naturalization of ideology, and orders of discourse. It blends the historical context with the contemporary contexts to interpret the element of social change. CDA believes in the practice, application, and availability of results to the experts so that select discursive and social practices could be both interpreted and transformed. How does the naturalization of ideology come about? Ideologies are mental systems that organize socially shared attitudes, and these mental systems are social representations that function as â€Å"models which control how people act, speak or write or how they understand the social practices of others† (van Dijk, 1995: 2). Naturalization can be understood as an unconscious process whereby beliefs, values, ideas, perceptions, and modes of thinking of a society and a class are internalized at a certain point in time (Yewah: 1993). Naturalization gives to particular ideological representations the status of common sense, and thereby makes them opaque and no longer visible as ideologies (Fairclough, 1995a: 42). A certain discourse type dominates other discourses to the extent that it is no longer arbitrary and is viewed as natural. However, the ‘balance of forces’ in social struggle determine the extent of naturaliza... ...iwanese press. Discourse and Society, 16(3): 393-418. Lefevere, A. (1992b). Translation/ History /Culture: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge. Martinez-Roland, C. M. & Malave, G. (2004). Language Ideologies Mediating Literacy and Identity in Bilingual Contexts. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 4(2): 155-180. van Dijk, T. (1993) Discourse and Elite Racism, London: Sage. Wodak, R. (1996) Disorders of Discourse, London: Longman. Wodak, R. (1997) ‘Critical discourse analysis’, in T. van Dijk (ed.) Discourse as Social Interaction, London: Sage. Wodak, R. (2006). Critical linguistics and critical discourse analysis in Verschueren, J. and Ãâ€"stman, J. (eds) Handbook of Pragmatics John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Emmanuel Yewah, E. (1993). Ideology and the de/naturalization of meaning in the Cameroonian novel, Afrika Focus, Vol. 9, Nr. 3-4, pp. 179-192.

A Midsummer Nights Dream Journal Essay

I am personally not a big fan of Shakespeare although by reviewing the play A Midsummer night’s dream, I’m starting to like Shakespeare’s different ideas and how most of his writing and plays involve falling in love and such. This play is mostly about four couples falling in love with the wrong person because they were potioned by a magic fairy in a forest. The setting of this play mostly took place at a forest and the time was night when the play reached its climax. In the beginning of the play, I felt like it was just one of those Shakespeare’s play where there are more dialogues than actions; but as the play keep progressing it started to get a little more intense and enjoyable to read more about the play to find out what might happen next. The part that i found to be really interesting is when the fairies put the magic potion on the wrong person’s eyelid’s and later on he woke up and fell in love with the first person he saw. That caused a lot of conflict where later in the play Hermia was jealous over helena due to the fact that both guy are going after her and challenges her to a fight. As the night progressed, Lysander who Hermia loved is chasing Helena because of the magic potion that was cast upon him and demeitrius. Later in the morning, the potion wore off but Demetrius kept his love for Helena. The production for this play is going to be epic in my opinion. I personally love plays that take plays in the nature such as the forest or somewhere in the wild. It gives the play a life of nature rather than the setting of the play being in a city or a suburb. The characters in this play are really interesting and due to their actions it seems that at a live production, they will give the audience what they are looking for. A midsummer Night’s dream is one of Shakespeare’s popular play which has been played in different cities and states with many different people who has a lot of experience with acting. In this play, some of the conversations were boring and unethical. I didn’t understand few of them and what the characters trying to say to each other until I looked them up on the internet. By reviewing this play, I believe the production would be really interesting to watch. The only thing I hate about Shakespeare’s play is the use of old English which many of us cannot understand. I don’t know for a fact if this play is going to be exciting but by reading the script I think it should be an interesting play to watch because of the setting. I like plays that take place at forests which brings in more adventure and excitement to the audience because they are expecting more from the environment and the characters.

Eugene O’Neill Essay

INTRODUCTION 1. 1. agate line and Development of the Statesn Literature A fundamental difference subsists amongst American writings and proximately all the other major literary traditions of the world it is essentially a youthful, recent and inter guinea pig belles-lettres.The American unspotted possessed major pre-capital of South Carolinan civilizations, with a deep herit days of refinement, mythology, ritual, chant and poesy. galore(postnominal) recent American writers, in particular recently, digest sorted to these sources as something essential to American culture, and the olympian medley and vision to be base at that place contribute much to the complexityand increasing multi culturality of Contemporary American understand. solitary(prenominal) if this is not the originating tradition of what we now ph unrivaled call American literature. That originated from the meeting amidst the shore up and usually despised Red Indians and the discoverers and settlers who remaining the developed, literatre cultures of renascence europium, runner to explore and conquer, hence to populate, what they oecumenically con perspectivered a virgin unspotted a sore World already promised them in their let mythology, now detect by their own endowment fund and curiosity.owe to the sizably voluminous immigration to Boston in the 1630s, they brought their c formerlyptions of account and the worlds tr decease they brought their languages and above all , the bulk. The book was some(prenominal) a sacred text, the Bible (to be reinvigorated in the King throng Authorized Version of 1611), and a general instrument of expression, record, argument, and cultural dissemination. In sequence, the book became American literature, and other things they shipped with it from European determine and prospects to post-Gutenberg printing technology shaped the rip of American writing.So did the early records kept of the encounter and what they composed of it. Of course a past was being ravaged as swell as an incipient typeset in gained when these travelers/ settlers imposed on the north-central American continent and its cultures their homunculuss of interpretation and communicatory, their Christian memoir and iconography. This American when for the starting signal time came into existence tabu of writing European writing and then went on to de humanityd a in the buff writing which fitted the harshness and grandeur of its landscape, the clandestine potential of its seemingly boundless free-spoken space. But America existed inEurope long before it was discovered, in the spoiled writings of the classical, the medieval and the then the Renaissance mind. He invented America a actually great man .Mademoiselle Nioche says virtually Columbus in total heat pack The American (1877). 1. 1. 1. Periods of American Literature The variableness of American literature into convenient historic segments, or periods, lacks the conse nsus among literary scholars. The many syllabi of college surveys reprinted in Reconstructing American Literature, ed. Paul Lauter (1983), and the essays in Redefining American Literary History, ed. A.LaVonne brown Ruoff and Jerry W. fightd (1990), constitute how variable ar the temporal divisions and their names, especially since the beginning of perspirations to do justice to literature written by women and by ethnic minorities. 1607-1775 This era, from the founding of the first settlement at packtown to the out control of the American Revolution, is ofttimes called the compound Period, in which writings were for the roughly part-religious, practical, or historical. William Bradford, bath Winthrop, and Cotton Mather are the famous writers. The period between 1765 and 1790 is sometimes gilded as the Revolutionary eld. It was the time of doubting doubting Thomas Paines referenceitative revolutionary tracts of Thomas Jeffersons Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, annunciation of Independence, and many other writings. The courses 1775-1828, the primal National Period, ending with the triumph of poopsonian democracy in 1828, signalized the emergence of a national imaginative literature, including the first American stage comedy (Royall Tylers The Contrast, 1787), the early American sweet (William Hill browneds The Power of Sympathy, 1789), and the establishment in 1815 of the first enduring American magazine, The North American recapitulation.Washington Irving achieved international fame with his essays and stories Charles Brockden Brown wrote classifiablely American versions of the Gothic novel of mystery and terror the career of pile Feni more Cooper, the first major American novelist, was well launched. The span 1828-1865 from the mother fuckersonian era to the civilised contend, practically identified as the sentimentalist Period in America, marks the ripe coming of age of a distinctively American literature.This period is s ometimes know as the American Renaissance, the title of F. O. Matthiessens influential book (1941) about its neat writers, Ralph Waldo Emerson,enthalpy David Thoreau, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne it is excessively sometimes called the Age of Transcendentalism, afterwards the philosophical and literary cause, entered on Emerson, that was prevalent allele in impertinently England. In all the major genres except gambling, writers put forwardd plant brio of an originality and excellence not exceeded in afterwards American literature.Emerson, Thoreau, and the early feminist Margaret riddled shaped the ideas, ideals, and literary aims of many present-day(a) and later American writers. It was the age not only of continuing writings by William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, and jam Fennimore Cooper,but overly of the novels and curtly(p) stories of Pow, Hawthorne, Melville, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and the southern novelist William Gilmore Simms of the poetry of Poe, John Greenleaf Whittier, Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and the close to in advance(p) and influential of all American poets, Walt WhitmanAnd of the beginning of imposing American amateurism of Poe, Simms, and James Russell Lowell. 1865-(1914) The misfortune of the Civil War and Reconstruction, followed by a burgeoning industrialism and urbanization in the North, profoundly altered American self-awareness, and also American literary modes.The years 1865-1900 are often cognise as the Realistic Period, by fictitious character to the novels by play off bridge, William Dean Howells, and Henry James, as well as by John W. DeFo liberalization, Harold Frederic. These motions, though diverse, are often labeled vivid in argument to the romances of their predecessors in prose fiction Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville. Some real authors grounded their fiction in a regional surroundings these include (in addition to Mark Twains novels on the disseminated m ultiple sclerosis River region) Bret Harte in California, Sarah Orne Jewett in Maine, Mary Wilkins freeman in Massachusetts, and George W.Cable and Kate Chopin in Louisiana. Chopin has get prominent as an early and major feminist novelist. Whitman continue writing poetry up to the last decade of the century, and was join by Emily Dickinson although only seven of Dickinsons more than a thousand short poems were make in her careertime, she is now recognize as one of the most distinctive and eminent of American pets.Sidney Lanier published his experiments in versification based on the meters of medicinal drug the Afro-American author Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote both poems and novels between 1893 and 1905 and in the 1890s Stephen Crane, although he was onlytwenty-nine when he died, published short poems in free verse that endure the experiments of Ezra Pound and the Imagists, and wrote also the brilliantly innovative short stories and short novels hat look forward to two later narrative modes naturalism and impressions.The years 1900-(1914) although James, Howells, and Mark Twain were liquid writing, and Edith Wharton was publishing her earlier novelsare sometimes discriminated as the Naturalistic Period, in intuition of the powerful although sometimes inexpertly wrought novels by Frank Norris, JackLondon, and Theodore Dreiser, which typically epitomise characters who are voice victims of their instinctual drives and of external sociological forces. (1914)- 1939.The era between the two world wars, marked by the trauma of the great economic embossment beginning in 1929, was that of the emergence of what is still cognize as Modern literature, which in America reached an eminence rivaling that of the American Renaissance of the mid-nineteenth century different most of the authors of that earlier period, however, the American modernists also achieved far-flung international recognition and influence.Poetry magazine, founded in Chicago by Harriet Monro e in 1912, published many innovative authors. Among the celebrated poets were Edgar leeward Masters, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, Robinson Jeffers, Marianne Moore, T. S. Eliot, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and E. E. Cummings authors who wrote in an unexampled transmutation of poetic modes. The literary productions of this era are often subclassified in a variety of ways. The flamboyant and pleasure-seeking 1920s are sometimes referred to as the contend Age, a title popularized by F.Scott Fitzgeralds Tales of the Jazz Age (1922). The same decade was also the period of the Harlem Renaissance, which produced major writings in all the literary forms. Many prominent American writers of the decade following the end of World War I, disillusioned by their war experiences and alienated by what they perceive as the crassness of American culture and its puritanical repressions, are often mark ( in a term first app lied by Gertrude Stein to young Frenchmen of the time) as the Lost Generation, a government issue of these writers became expatriates, moving either to London or toParis in their quest for a richer literary and artistic milieu and a freer way of life.1939 to the Present, the Contemporary period. World War II, and especially the disillusionment with Soviet communism consequent upon the Moscow trails for alleged swindle and Stalins signing of the Russo-German pact with Hitler in 1939, largely ended the literary radicalism of the 1930s. A final blow to the real few writers who had maintained intellectual allegiance to Soviet Russia came in 1991 with the collapse of Russian fabianism and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.For several decades the crude Criticismdominated by nonprogressive southern writers. The Agrarians, who in the 1930s had championed a return from an industrial to an agricultural deliverancetypified the reign critical tendency to keep apart literature from t he life of the author and from troupe and to conceive a work of literature, in formal terms, as an organic and self-directed entity.The eminent and influential critics Edmund Wilson and Lionel Trilling, howeveras well as other critics assort with them as the New York Intellectuals, including Philip Rahv, Alfred Kazin, Dwight McDonald, and Irving Howecontinued finished the 1960s to deal with a work of literature humanistically and historically, in the context of its authors life, temperament and social milieu and in terms of the works moral and imaginative qualities and its consequences for society.The 1950s, while often regarded in retrospect as a period of cultural conformity and complacency, was marked by the emergence of vigorous anti-establishment and anti-traditional literary movements the Beat writers such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac the American exemplars of the literature of the absurd the ignominious Mountain Poets?Charles Olson, Robert Creeley, and Robert Dunca n and the New York Poets, Frank OHara, Kenneth Koch, and John Ashbery. It was also a time of confessional poetry and the literature of extreme informal candor, marked by the emergence of Henry Miller as a notable author.The counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s continued some of these modes, but in a fashion made extreme and excited by the rebellious youth movement and the vehement and sometimes violent competition to the war in Vietnam. Important American writers after World War II is Eudora Welty, Robert Penn Warren, Saul Bellow, R P.Warren, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee and many others. 1. 2 RISE OF AMERICAN DRAMA In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book? Or goes to an American play? -Sydney Smith, The Edinburgh Review (1820). This was the most profoundly preconceived vox populi around the world before the time of American Drama among many literary critics as well as the literate people, half of those harsh comments were due to cheque and the remaining were sort of ill-treatment.There is not, and there never has been, a literary institution,which could be called the American Drama Dion Boucicault This statement upraise very little argument from most American critics more than a degree centigrade years later. In fact, the neglect of American frolic is so pervasive that chromatic Cohn, in her history of twentieth-century turn for the Columbia Literary History of the United States (1988), begins with the comment Given the chokehold on turn of a misnamed Broadway, prone the lure of Hollywood, and given the power of some small-minded reviewers in the daily press, it is a virtual miracle that American frolic merits admission to a history of American literature. disdain its separationism from the main corpus of American literature, American gambol has never been written in a vaccum. It has mirrored peculiarly American social, political, and historical issues in tradition al as well as challenging forms and data-based styles. It has been the forum for a plurality of American voices. American drama has always responded to national and regional problems, either in reifying prevailing sentiments or by challenging dominant ideologies. Like other forms of American literature, drama embodies the American struggle.For decades scholars and critics of American literature, engaged in establishing discipline withcanonical hierarchies and feeling embattled in the face of longer-lived English literary studies, keep practiced generic hegemony as a consequence, American drama historically has been the most devalued and overlooked sphere of influence in American literary studies. at any rate all these, there was great theatrical performance activity during the nineteenth century a time when there were no movies, TV, or Radio. Every town of any coat of it had its theater of operations or opera kinsperson in which touring companies of histrions performed. Howe ver, no significant drama was performed in this century, with audiences preferring farce, melodrama, and vaudeville to undecomposed efforts.European drama, which was to influence modern American drama profoundly, matured in the last third base of 19th century with the achievements of three playwrights Henrik Ibsen, wonderful Strindberg, and Anton Chekhov. Ibsen who was profoundly influenced by psychologists Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, tackled subjects such as guilt, sexuality, and mental illness. Strindberg brought to his characterizations a unprecedented come to aim of psychological complexity. And Chekhov shifted the subject matter of drama from wildly theatrical displays of external motion and emotions to the concerns of everyday life.These trio presented characters and situations more or less realistically chiefly known as slice-of-life dramatic technique. Soon after the beginning of the 20th century, pragmatism became the dominant mode of American drama. Very currentl y after the little theaters off Broadway succeeded with realistic plays. In 1916 and 1917, two small theater multitudes in New York (the Provincetown Players and the Washington squarely Players) began to produce new American plays. They provided a congenial home for new American playwrights like Eugene ONeill, whose first plays were produced by the Provincetown Players in MA.These small play groups would produce any play, in any style, that mercantile theater would not touch. These groups were the beginning of modern American dramatic theater. The post- World War II years brought two main(prenominal) figures to prominence in American drama Arthur Miller (((1916))-2005) and Tennessee Williams (1911-1983). They remain the dominant figures of the scrap half of the 20th century. Miller and Williams represent the two principal movement in modern American drama reality, and realism combined with an attempt at something more imaginative.From the beginning, American playwrights have tried to breakaway from the strict realism of Ibsen, Strindberg, and Chekhov and to endure it with a more poetic form of expression. Millers Death of a Salesman (1949),Williams The Glass Menagerie (1944) and Thornton Wilders Our Town (1938) are some of the trump out examples of this style of writing. Contemporary American mansion In the mid 19th century, realism in drama was conceived as a revolt against crude theatricalism.Currently there is a revolt against realism itself and a move toward more theatricalism, with its emphasis on stage effects and imaginative settings. erstwhile again, Americandrama is changing to mull the changing attitudes of American theater-going audiences. Dramatists today have the freedom to express their deepest feelings, whatever they may be, in any form they choose- provided that their approach can be made graspable to an audience and touch their emotions. 1. 3 feel AND CAREER OF EUGENE ONEILL I was born(p) in a hotel and, damn it, Ill die in a hotel- Eugene ONeill Eugene Gladstone ONeill (16- October- 1888 to 27- November-1953), the son of James ONeill and Ella Quinlan was born in an up-town family hotel, named Barret kinfolk on broadway at 43, Street, New York.James ONeill, was a successful touring actor in the last quarter of the 19th century whose most famous character reference was that of the Count of Monte Cristo in a stage adaptation of the Alexandre Dumas novel. Ella accompanied her economise all the times except for the brook of her first son, James younger. and for Eugene. His parents were ardent participator of Catholicism. Ella was exceptionally beautiful woman. She loved music and practiced a curled hand-writing. As he was born in a hotel, he spent his childhood in hotel rooms, on trains and backstage. This filled him with a palpate of instability and insecurity.ONeill later deplored the incubus insecurity of these early years experience and blamed his father for the tragedies that happened in the life of ONeill. Wherever he (ONeill) lived, the houses he bought were always big, as if their very size would ensure stability the other side of the picture is, of course, to be seen in his ungratified experimentation, which ever allowed him exactly to repeat a way of writing he had once essayed. ONeill was educated at embarkment crops such as Mt. St. Vincent in the Bronx and Betts honorary society in Stamford, Conn. His summers were spent at the familys only permanent home, a mild house overlooking the Thames River in New London.He attended Princeton University for one year (1906-07), after which he left school to begin what he later regarded as his real education in life experience. The next six years very nearly ended his life. He shipped to sea, lived a derelicts existence on the waterfronts of Buenos Aires, Liverpool, and New York City, submerged himself in alcohol, and act suicide. Recovering briefly at the age of 24, he held a job for a few months as a newsperson and contr ibutor to the poetry column of the New London Telegraph but shortly came with tuberculosis.Confined to the Gaylord Farm Sanitarium in Wallingford for six months then he confronted himself badly and seized the chance for what he later called his conversion. ONeills first efforts were incompetent melodramas, but they were about people and subjectsprostitutes, derelicts, nongregarious sailors, Gods injustice to manthat had, up to that time, been in the province of serious novels and were not considered an apt subjects for presenting on the American Stage. In the autumn of (1914), ONeill entered G. P. bakers Academy at Harvard to take lessons in playwriting, because of a bailiwick critic suggestion to his father.ONeills first appearance as a playwright came in the summer of 1916, in the unperturbed fishing village of Provincetown, where a group of young writers and painters had launced an experimental theater. In their tiny, creaky playhouse on a wharf, they produced his one-ac t sea play Bound easterly for Cardiff. The talent inherent in the play was presently evident to the group, which that fall formed the playwrights Theater in Greenwich village. Their first bill, on 03-November-1916, included Bound East for CardiffONeills one-act sea plays, on with a flesh of his lesser efforts.By the time his first full aloofness play, Beyond the Horizon? was produced on Broadway, ordered in Morosco Theater, when the young playwright already had a small reputation. In 1918 he married Agnes Boulton, and they lived for several summers at peaked(p) Hill, a reconditioned life-saving station near Provincetown. During the equilibrium of the year, they lived in other places. They had two children before separating in 1827. His third wife, Carlotta Montercy, accompanied him on many long journeys, to Europe, to Asia, to the American West.They were to be frequently on the move during the rest of ONeills life, and they were to experience manypainful things including th e suicide of Eugene O Neill Jr. ONeills last years were marked by physical throe ( his hands paralysed so that he could no longer write), by increasing isolation, by family trouble and dissension. He died on 27 November, 1953. 1. 4 ONeills persona to American Drama In his own life-time, ONeill was established as the starring(p) American dramatist. He was awarded Pulitzer Prizes for Beyond the Horizon, Anna Christie, gothic Interlude, and Long daytimes Journey into shadow( he received the highest international recognition in the award of theNobel Prize in Literature a considerable number of books and articles have been devoted to his work since the nineteen-twenties, and in recent years the sign of reside has grown markedly pronounced.His plays are quite an popular in the English-speaking world. Despite some critical effort to underrate ONeill, he remains Americas outstanding playwright, the only one to win international fame and recognition, and the Novel Prize. He not only built up the American theatre, but also put it on the world map, where now it has a dynamic and distinguished place beside the European and continental theatreArthur Miller andTennessee Williams support to sustain that edifice.Unlike Shakespeare, whom popular accept depicts as a wild biddy who sat on the bough and warbled his wood-notes wild, ONeill had the theatre in his blood and made a lifelong strenuous conscious effort to achieve glory in this field of operations and leave foot-prints on the sands of time. Also, unlike Shakespeare, ONeill was a highly individualized writer, in whose case the partions that divide autobiography and objective reality are very thin paper thin so that his dramatic works constitute a series of personal obsessions, ending up with the most personal of them all- Long Days Journey into Night.Full-length plays starting line AND BUTTER, (1914) SERVITUDE, (1914) THE PERSONAL EQUATION, (1916) NOW I strike YOU, 1916 BEYOND THE HORIZON, 1918 PULITZER PRIZE, (1920) THE STRAW, (1919) CHRIS CHRISTOPHERSEN, (1919) GOLD, (1920) ANNA CHRISTIE, (1920) PULITZER PRIZE, (1922) THE EMPEROR JONES, (1920) DIFFRENT, (1921) THE initial MAN, (1922) THE shock-headed APE, (1922) THE FOUNTAIN, (1923) MARCO MILLIONS, (192325) ALL GODS CHILLUN GOT WINGS, (1924) WELDED, (1924) appetency UNDER THE ELMS, (1925) LAZARUS LAUGHED, (192526) THE GREAT GOD BROWN, (1926) freaky INTERLUDE, (1928 PULITZER PRIZE)DYNAMO, (1929) MOURNING BECOMES ELECTRA, (1931) AH, WILDERNESS , (1933) DAYS WITHOUT END, (1933) THE iceman COMETH, (WRITTEN 1939, PUBLISHED 1940, FIRST PERFORMED 1946) HUGHIE, WRITTEN (1941, FIRST PERFORMED 1959) LONG DAYS tour INTO NIGHT, (WRITTEN 1941, FIRST PERFORMED 1956 PULITZER PRIZE 1957) A woolgather FOR THE MISBEGOTTEN, (WRITTEN 19411943, FIRST PERFORMED 1947)A TOUCH OF THE POET, (COMPLETED IN 1942, FIRST PERFORMED 1958) MORE STATELY MANSIONS, (SECOND blueprint FOUND IN ONEILLS PAPERS, FIRST PERFORMED 1967) THE CALMS OF CAPRICORN, (P UBLISHED IN 1983) One-act playsThe Glencairn Plays, all of which cause characters on the fictional ship Glencairn record together as The Long voyage Home BOUND EAST FOR CARDIFF, ((1914)) IN THE ZONE, (1917) THE LONG VOYAGE HOME, (1917) MOON OF THE CARIBBEES, (1918) former(a) one-act plays include A WIFE FOR A LIFE, (1913) THE WEB, (1913) THIRST, (1913) RECKLESSNESS, (1913) WARNINGS, (1913) FOG, (1914) ABORTION, (1914)THE MOVIE MAN A COMEDY, (1914) THE SNIPER, (1916) earlier BREAKFAST, (1916) ILE, (1917) THE ROPE, (1918) SHELL SHOCK, (1918) THE DREAMY KID, (1918) WHERE THE CROSS IS MADE, (1918) legal ouster (1919) 1. 5 His Themes.